{"id":18087,"date":"2017-11-24T12:47:19","date_gmt":"2017-11-24T10:47:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/?p=18087"},"modified":"2017-11-24T12:47:19","modified_gmt":"2017-11-24T10:47:19","slug":"javier-lesaca-per-que-mitjans-socials-russos-expandiren-la-conversa-digital-sobre-la-independencia-de-catalunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/javier-lesaca-per-que-mitjans-socials-russos-expandiren-la-conversa-digital-sobre-la-independencia-de-catalunya\/","title":{"rendered":"Javier Lesaca: Per qu\u00e8  mitjans socials russos expandiren la conversa digital sobre la independ\u00e8ncia de Catalunya?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"On Oct. 1, the hashtag #Catalanreferendum took you to the world\u2019s most popular conversation on Twitter.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-18091\" src=\"http:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/bot2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/>El passat <strong>1 d&#8217;octubre<\/strong>, l&#8217;hashtag <strong>#Catalanreferendum<\/strong> portava a la conversa m\u00e9s popular del m\u00f3n a <strong>Twitter<\/strong>. <\/span><span title=\"For more than 12 hours, Catalonia\u2019s independence referendum became a trending topic worldwide.\">Durant m\u00e9s de 12 hores, el refer\u00e8ndum d&#8217;independ\u00e8ncia de Catalunya es va convertir en un tema de tend\u00e8ncia mundial. <\/span><span title=\"As would be expected, links, posts and articles from two Spanish media companies were the most virally distributed in the digital conversation.\">Com era d&#8217;esperar, els enlla\u00e7os, publicacions i articles dels dos mitjans espanyols m\u00e9s importants van ser els m\u00e9s distribu\u00efts de manera virtual en la conversa digital. <\/span><span title=\"More surprisingly, the Russian media conglomerate formed by RT and Sputnik was the fourth most-used source, its content virally distributed as part of the digital debate. \">M\u00e9s sorprenentment, el conglomerat de mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 rus format per <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> va ser la quarta font m\u00e9s utilitzada, amb el seu contingut distribu\u00eft de forma viral com a part del debat digital.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"How did RT and Sputnik manage to invade a digital conversation about a regional political crisis in Spain?\">Com van arribar <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> a envair aix\u00ed una conversa digital sobre una crisi pol\u00edtica\u00a0 a Espanya? <\/span><span title=\"Analysis of the 100 accounts that were most active in spreading the Russian media link reveals a disturbing figure: Eighty-four percent of those accounts are anonymous, and most of them appear to be controlled by digital bots. \">L&#8217;an\u00e0lisi dels <strong>100<\/strong> comptes m\u00e9s actius a l&#8217;hora de difondre els vincles de mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 russos revela una xifra inquietant: el <strong>48%<\/strong> d&#8217;aquests comptes s\u00f3n an\u00f2nims, i la majoria d&#8217;ells semblen estar controlats per robots digitals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Here\u2019s how I did my research \"><strong>Heus aqu\u00ed com vaig fer la meva recerca<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"To more accurately measure the digital conversation about Catalonia, we collected more than 5 million digital messages published from Sept. 29 to Oct. 5 that included the words \u201cCatalun\u0303a\u201d (Spanish), \u201cCatalonia\u201d (English) or \u201cCatalunya\u201d (Catalan\">Per mesurar amb m\u00e9s precisi\u00f3 la conversa digital sobre Catalunya, vam recollir m\u00e9s de <strong>5 milions<\/strong> de missatges digitals publicats del <strong>29 de setembre<\/strong> al <strong>5 d&#8217;octubre<\/strong> que inclo\u00efen les paraules &#8220;<strong>Catalu\u00f1a<\/strong>&#8220;, &#8220;<strong>Catalonia<\/strong>&#8221;\u00a0 o &#8220;<strong>Catalunya<\/strong>&#8220;.\u00a0<\/span> <span title=\"The majority were tweets, but we also collected Facebook posts, YouTube videos and items from other social media platforms such as Instagram, Blogger, WordPress, Reddit and Flickr.\">La majoria eren <strong>tweets<\/strong>, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 vam recollir publicacions de <strong>Facebook<\/strong>, v\u00eddeos de <strong>YouTube<\/strong> i articles d&#8217;altres plataformes de xarxes socials com <strong>Instagram<\/strong>, <strong>Blogger<\/strong>, <strong>WordPress<\/strong>, <strong>Reddit<\/strong> i <strong>Flickr<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"gt-res-content\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-dir-ctr\" class=\"trans-verified-button-small\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"We acquired these different data sets through the public APIs of those platforms, merged them into a single data set, and normalized and indexed it using big data software specializing in public sphere analytics. \">Adquir\u00edem aquests diferents conjunts de dades a trav\u00e9s de les <strong>API<\/strong> p\u00fabliques d&#8217;aquestes plataformes, les fusion\u00e0vem en un sol conjunt de dades i la normaliz\u00e0vem i index\u00e0vem amb un gran programari de dades especialitzat en an\u00e0lisi d&#8217;esfera p\u00fablica.<br \/>\n<\/span><span title=\"RT and Sputnik were the fourth most virally distributed media group in the digital conversation \"><br \/>\n<\/span><span title=\"We found that, as you\u2019d expect, traditional Spanish media was most active in the digital conversation about Catalonia.\">Vam trobar que, com era d&#8217;esperar, els mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 tradicionals espanyols van ser els m\u00e9s actius en la conversa digital sobre Catalunya. <\/span><span title=\"The Catalonian newspaper \u201cLa Vanguardia\u201d ranked first, with 5,095 articles published. \">El diari catal\u00e0 &#8220;<strong>La Vanguardia<\/strong>&#8221; va ocupar el primer lloc, amb <strong>5.095<\/strong> articles publicats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"The website whose content, articles and social media posts were most highly distributed was eldiario.es, an online news outlet founded in September 2012. The website\u2019s 72,488 shared posts may have reached up to 136.9 million individual readers.\">El lloc web on m\u00e9s es van distribuir els continguts, articles i publicacions de les xarxes socials va ser <strong>eldiario.es<\/strong>, un servei de not\u00edcies en l\u00ednia que es va fundar el setembre del <strong>2012<\/strong>. Les <strong>72.488<\/strong> publicacions compartides pel lloc web podrien arribar fins a <strong>136,9 milions<\/strong> de lectors individuals. <\/span><span title=\"Next came the British BBC, whose 70,457 shared posts reached a potential maximum audience of 218.2 million, and the Spanish newspaper, El Pa\u00eds, whose 52,042 shared posts had a potential maximum audience of 208.1 million. \">A continuaci\u00f3 va arribar la <strong>BBC<\/strong> brit\u00e0nica, les seves <strong>70.457<\/strong> publicacions compartides van arribar a una audi\u00e8ncia m\u00e0xima potencial de <strong>218,2 milions<\/strong>, i el diari espanyol <strong>El Pa\u00eds<\/strong>, que va tenir <strong>52.042<\/strong> publicacions compartides va assolir una audi\u00e8ncia potencial m\u00e0xima de <strong>208,1 milions<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"Here\u2019s what\u2019s stunning: RT News and Sputnik appear in fourth position.\">Per\u00f2 ara v\u00e9 el m\u00e9s sorprenent: <strong>RT News<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> apareixen en la quarta posici\u00f3. <\/span><span title=\"Together they distributed 47,964 Catalonia-related posts that reached up to 125.9 readers or viewers.\">Junts van distribuir <strong>47.964<\/strong> publicacions relacionades amb Catalunya que van aconseguir fins a <strong>125.9<\/strong> lectors o espectadors. <\/span><span title=\"The contents published by Sputnik and RT were shared 10 times as widely as that those published by the Spanish public television RTVE or the Spanish public news agency Agencia EFE.\">Els continguts publicats per <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> i <strong>RT<\/strong> es van compartir deu vegades m\u00e9s que els publicats per la televisi\u00f3 p\u00fablica espanyola <strong>RTVE<\/strong> o l&#8217;ag\u00e8ncia p\u00fablica espanyola <strong>EFE<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-c\" class=\"g-unit\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-p\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-data\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-wrap\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-content\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-dir-ctr\" class=\"trans-verified-button-small\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\">Qu\u00e8 deien RT i Sputnik sobre Catalunya?<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span class=\"\">Vam fer una an\u00e0lisi qualitativa dels 10 enlla\u00e7os i comunicacions m\u00e9s compartits de <strong>RT<\/strong> relacionats amb Catalunya, i van trobar que <strong>RT<\/strong> tenia un inter\u00e8s especial per compartir imatges i v\u00eddeos de persones ferides durant els enfrontaments amb la policia.<\/span> <span class=\"\">El <strong>50 %<\/strong> de les seves <strong>10<\/strong> publicacions i enlla\u00e7os m\u00e9s compartits denunciaven les accions de la policia espanyola.<\/span> <span class=\"\">Un altre <strong>20<\/strong> %\u00a0 ressaltaven la incid\u00e8ncia de la independ\u00e8ncia catalana per a perjudicar l&#8217;economia espanyola;<\/span> <span class=\"\">El <strong>20<\/strong> % oferia un enfocament aparentment neutral;<\/span> <span class=\"\">i el <strong>10<\/strong> % criticava i\u00a0 atacava pol\u00edticament al primer ministre espanyol, <strong>Mariano Rajoy<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"\">Pel que fa a les <strong>10<\/strong> publicacions m\u00e9s compartides del grup <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> sobre Catalunya afavorien la narrativa dels grups independentistes catalans.<\/span> D&#8217;aquestes publicacions, el <strong>40%<\/strong>\u00a0 denunciava accions policials espanyoles; e<span class=\"\">l <strong>30 %<\/strong> va criticar el primer ministre espanyol;<\/span> <span class=\"\">i el <strong>30%<\/strong>\u00a0 assenyalava el suport internacional a la independ\u00e8ncia de Catalunya.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gt-res-tools\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"gt-res-content\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-dir-ctr\" class=\"trans-verified-button-small\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"Who was sharing these RT and Sputnik posts? \"><strong>Qui estava compartint aquestes publicacions de RT i Sputnik?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"So who was spreading all this \u201cnews\u201d?\">Qui estava difonent aquestes &#8220;not\u00edcies&#8221;? <\/span><span title=\"To find out, we analyzed the 100 social network accounts most active in sharing RT and Sputnik\u2019s posts about Catalonia from Sept. 29 to Oct. 19. \">Per esbrinar-ho, vam analitzar els <strong>100<\/strong> comptes de xarxes socials m\u00e9s actius en compartir les publicacions de <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> sobre Catalunya del <strong>29<\/strong> de setembre al <strong>19<\/strong> d&#8217;octubre.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Here\u2019s what we found.\">Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s el que vam\u00a0 trobar. <\/span><span title=\"Only nine of the 100 most active accounts seem to follow human behavior in their publishing and interaction strategies.\">Nom\u00e9s <strong>9<\/strong> dels <strong>100<\/strong> comptes m\u00e9s actius semblaven seguir el comportament hum\u00e0 en les seves estrat\u00e8gies d&#8217;edici\u00f3 i d&#8217;interacci\u00f3. <\/span><span title=\"Seven other accounts correspond to official profiles on social networks of RT and Sputnik.\"><strong>Set<\/strong> altres comptes corresponen als perfils oficials a les xarxes socials de <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong>. <\/span><span title=\"The remaining 84 accounts cannot be identified with any real person or institution;\">Els restants <strong>84 comptes<\/strong> no es podien identificar amb cap persona o instituci\u00f3 real; <\/span><span title=\"do not generate any original content or posts;\">no generaven cap contingut o publicaci\u00f3 original; <\/span><span title=\"and propagate others\u2019 links and social media posts in a constant, systematic and massive way, in most cases using RT and Sputnik as their main source. \">i propagaven els enlla\u00e7os i els missatges de les xarxes socials d&#8217;una manera constant, sistem\u00e0tica i massiva, en la majoria dels casos, utilitzant <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> com a font principal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"All of that strongly indicates that 84 percent of the key accounts that systematically and broadly disseminated RT and Sputnik\u2019s Catalonia content are most likely digital bots.\">Tot aix\u00f2 indica clarament que el <strong>84 per cent<\/strong> dels comptes clau que sistem\u00e0ticament i \u00e0mpliament difonien els continguts de <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong> sobre Catalunya eren, probablement, <strong>bots<\/strong> digitals. <\/span><span title=\"Some of them, like @bobbit2266, @rickrick888 or @ivan226622 post the same content at the same time, and others like @domz97819744 post an average of 1425 messages per day.\">Alguns d&#8217;ells, com <strong>@ bobbit2266<\/strong>, <strong>@ rickrick888<\/strong> o <strong>@ ivan226622<\/strong> publicaven el mateix contingut al mateix temps, i altres com <strong>@ domz97819744<\/strong> publicaven una mitjana de <strong>1425 <\/strong>missatges per dia.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-content\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-dir-ctr\" class=\"trans-verified-button-small\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span title=\"We can divide this network of anonymous digital profiles into three groups.\">Podem dividir aquesta conjunt de perfils digitals an\u00f2nims en tres grups. <\/span><span title=\"The first group, with 24 percent of these accounts, clearly shows sympathy toward the Nicol\u00e1s Maduro and Hugo Ch\u00e1vez regime in Venezuela. \">El primer grup, amb un <strong>24 per cent<\/strong> d&#8217;aquests comptes, mostra clarament la simpatia cap al r\u00e8gim de <strong>Nicol\u00e1s Maduro<\/strong> i <strong>Hugo Ch\u00e1vez<\/strong> a Vene\u00e7uela.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"A second group, with 37.7 percent of the accounts, are almost exclusively devoted to redistributing or retweeting RT and Sputnik content.\">Un segon grup, amb el <strong>37,7%<\/strong> dels comptes, es dedicava exclusivament a redistribuir o retweetar continguts de <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong>. <\/span><span title=\"Unlike the accounts related to the \u201cchavista\u201d movement, this second group hides under well-elaborated covert identities.\">A difer\u00e8ncia dels comptes relacionats amb el moviment &#8220;<em>chavista<\/em>&#8220;, aquest segon grup s&#8217;amaga sota una identitat encoberta ben elaborada. <\/span><span title=\"In some cases, these accounts publish the same content at the same time, reinforcing the hypothesis that they are digital bots enacting a coordinated strategy. \">En alguns casos, aquests comptes publiquen el mateix contingut alhora, refor\u00e7ant la hip\u00f2tesi que s\u00f3n <strong>bots<\/strong> digitals que responen a una estrat\u00e8gia coordinada.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The third group of 27.3 percent massively distributes and retweets content published by various international media outlets, not only RT and Sputnik.\">El tercer grup amb el\u00a0 <strong>27.3%<\/strong> distribuia massivament i repetia continguts publicats per diversos mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 internacionals, no nom\u00e9s de <strong>RT<\/strong> i <strong>Sputnik<\/strong>. <\/span><span title=\"In the last week, Twitter removed 7.1 percent of the most active accounts. \">En la darrera setmana, <strong>Twitter<\/strong> va eliminar el <strong>7,1 per cent<\/strong> dels comptes m\u00e9s actius.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"These findings raise many questions.\">Aquests resultats plantegen moltes preguntes. <\/span><span title=\"Who or what is behind this troop of digital zombies?\">Qui o qu\u00e8 hi ha darrere d&#8217;aquesta tropa de zombis digitals? <\/span><span title=\"Why do Russian media and Venezuelan digital profiles pay so much attention to spreading news of an institutional crisis within a European Union democracy?\">Per qu\u00e8 els mitjans de comunicaci\u00f3 russos i els perfils digitals vene\u00e7olans presten molta atenci\u00f3 a difondre not\u00edcies d&#8217;una crisi institucional dins d&#8217;una democr\u00e0cia de la Uni\u00f3 Europea? <\/span><span title=\"What interests drive their editorial strategies?\">Quins interessos impulsen les seves estrat\u00e8gies editorials? <\/span><span title=\"Are those behind these actions also investing in less visible paid advertising campaigns?\">Els qui son darrere d&#8217;aquestes accions inverteixen tamb\u00e9 en campanyes publicit\u00e0ries menys visibles? <\/span><span title=\"Has this anonymous army been involved in other digital battles in Europe or the United States?\">Aquest ex\u00e8rcit an\u00f2nim ha participat en altres batalles digitals a Europa o als Estats Units? <\/span><span title=\"Are these zombies influencing major governance and institutional crises around the world?\">Aquests zombis\u00a0 influeixen en les principals q\u00fcestions de governan\u00e7a i crisis institucionals arreu del m\u00f3n?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ca\"><span class=\"\"><strong>Javier Lesaca<\/strong> \u00e9s investigador visitant de l&#8217;Escola de Mitjans i Afers P\u00fablics de la Universitat <strong>George Washington<\/strong>.<\/span> <span class=\"\">A Twitter @ lesacajavier.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2017\/11\/22\/why-did-russian-social-media-swarm-the-digital-conversation-about-catalan-independence\/?utm_term=.0bbe0215b74c\">The Washington Post<\/a><\/div>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div id=\"gt-res-tools\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"gt-form-c\">\n<form id=\"gt-form\" action=\"\/\" enctype=\"application\/x-www-form-urlencoded\" method=\"post\" name=\"text_form\">\n<div id=\"gt-text-all\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"gt-ft\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El passat 1 d&#8217;octubre, l&#8217;hashtag #Catalanreferendum portava a la conversa m\u00e9s popular del m\u00f3n a Twitter. Durant m\u00e9s de 12 hores, el refer\u00e8ndum d&#8217;independ\u00e8ncia de Catalunya es va convertir en un tema de tend\u00e8ncia mundial. Com era d&#8217;esperar, els enlla\u00e7os, publicacions i articles dels dos mitjans espanyols m\u00e9s importants van ser els m\u00e9s distribu\u00efts de &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,15,16],"tags":[133],"class_list":["post-18087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-catalunya","category-espanya","category-europa","tag-rajoy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18087"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18092,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18087\/revisions\/18092"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.noucicle.org\/lhora\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}